{"id":1732,"date":"2015-05-27T15:42:27","date_gmt":"2015-05-27T13:42:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/2025.mining-report.de\/english\/?page_id=1732"},"modified":"2019-08-07T15:23:12","modified_gmt":"2019-08-07T13:23:12","slug":"archive-topics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mining-report.de\/english\/archive-topics\/","title":{"rendered":"Public archive"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t
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Editorial Issue 02_2016 <\/span><\/h3>\n\t\t\t
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\n\t\nAndreas-Peter Sitte
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Editorial<\/h2>\n

Research generally relies on having its work published if it is to attract attention and have its results more widely discussed. We want to do our bit in this respect by using Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf as a forum for the mining research institutes and, more particularly, for the mining universities. For this reason papers on university-based mining research can, as of now, be downloaded in full and free of charge via open access on the Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf website. This facility, which will apply with retroactive effect to all papers of this kind published since the beginning of 2015, will, moreover, help revive the tradition of the research journals that used to be part of the Gl\u00fcckauf family of publications.<\/p>\n

From 11 to 17 April Munich will again be playing host to the world\u2019s largest trade fair for construction equipment, bauma 2016. The event is set to attract quite a number of German mining equipment suppliers, who will be showcasing their products in the open-air area and in halls B2 (mineral preparation) and C2, as well as at various trade stands. North Rhine-Westphalia will be represented on a large joint stand in hall C2, which will also have a Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf desk where show-goers can pick up the latest copy of the magazine along with a special \u2018bauma\u2019 edition.<\/p>\n

This year\u2019s bauma is being held at a time when the mining and raw materials extraction industries are in deep crisis and this is naturally affecting the business operations of the equipment suppliers. By assessing developments in the international mining market we hope that we can give the industry some grounds for viewing the future in a more optimistic light. As is customary at this time of the year, the global subject matter of this latest issue is complemented by a review of the German coal market in 2015.<\/p>\n

In the ore production sector the increasing transition from surface to deep mining, with underground mines now achieving the same levels of production as large-scale surface installations, is imposing a new set of demands, especially on loading and transport technology. Research aimed at improving the reliability and efficiency of operating processes below ground is currently being carried out by manufacturers and universities alike. In this connection the present edition of Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf describes the investigations that have been conducted into the underlying causes of corrosion on face conveyor chains and examines the measures being employed to mitigate the effects of gas outbursts and to optimise mine pumping and dewatering.<\/p>\n

And finally, we have to mention another university with an anniversary to celebrate. Last year Freiberg University of Mining and Technology held a series of events to commemorate its 250th birthday. This year it is the turn of the TFH Georg Agricola University of Applied Sciences in Bochum\/Germany, which was first founded exactly 200 years ago.<\/p>\n

With my best regards<\/p>\n

Dipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte
\nChief Editor Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf, Herne<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Topics Issue 02_2016 <\/span><\/h3>\n\t\t\t
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Future since 1816: Celebrating 200 Years University of Applied Sciences TFH Georg Agricola<\/h3>\n
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Fig. 3. The central building of TFH Georg Agricola \u2013 University of Applied Sciences in the heart of Bochum. \/\/ Bild 3. Das Hauptgeb\u00e4ude der Technischen Fachhochschule Georg Agricola in der Bochumer Innenstadt. Photo\/Foto: D\u00fcppe, TFH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nI<\/span>n 15 April 2016 the University of Applied Sciences TFH Georg Agricola is celebrating its bicentennial of existence. On this very day in 1816 the first fourteen students commenced their studies at what was then the Bochum Mining School from which, after quite a few transformations, TFH Georg Agricola eventually emerged. It is the oldest still existing institute of education for hard-coal mining in the Ruhr-area and enjoys the longest tradition of all universities in our region. Our anniversary year also sees us pursuing a new direction under the heading: \u201cFuture since 1816\u201d.<\/p>\n

Authors: <\/strong>Prof. Dr. J\u00fcrgen Kretschmann, Pr\u00e4sident, und M. A. Stephan D\u00fcppe, Pressesprecher der Technischen Fachhochschule (TFH) Georg Agricola, Bochum<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Developments of the International Mineral Markets Considering the Chances of German Mining and Conveying Technology<\/h3>\n
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Fig. 1. Press news on minerals crisis. \/\/ Bild 1. Pressemeldungen zur Rohstoffkrise. Source\/Quelle: Welt, Handelsblatt<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nF<\/span>ollowing-up with recent press news it becomes obvious that the international mining industry is in deep crisis latest since 2014. This was initiated by lesser demand from China which in-turn is well known for setting records over the past but calmed down their mineral consumption and own mining activities as well as. In consequence there is a larger impact to the international mining markets and to the mining equipment companies offering their products for the international mining markets. The question is how deep the effect on the mining equipment technology provider will be today and in the future. The following contribution is based on the presentation held by the author to opening up the 7th colloquium on \u201dconveying technology in mining\u201d at Technical University (TU) of Clausthal on 20th January 2016 in Clausthal-Zellerfeld\/Germany.<\/p>\n

Author: <\/strong>Dr.-Ing. Martin Wedig, Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der Fachvereinigung Auslandsbergbau und internationale Rohstoffaktivit\u00e4ten (FAB), Berlin<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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The German Coal Situation 2015<\/h3>\nF<\/span>ollowing a lengthy period of almost unbroken growth the coal market was seen to undergo a slight contraction in 2015. World market prices continued to fall and in some cases reached an all-time low. In Germany there was only a slight downturn in coal consumption, which was mainly due to a period of temporary stability in supplies to the electricity production sector, though the general trend here is still downwards. The German mining industry, where the phasing-out process is still under way under socially acceptable terms, reached another key milestone with the scheduled closure of Auguste Victoria colliery at the end of 2015. Germany is now left with just two operational coal mines and the industry is now forging ahead with its plans for the post-mining era.<\/p>\n

Authors: <\/strong>Dipl.-\u00d6konom Dr. Kai van de Loo, Dezernent \u201ePolitik und Statistik\u201c und Dipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte, Dezernent \u201eKommunikation\u201c, Gesamtverband Steinkohle e.V. (GVSt), Herne<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Underground Loading and Transport Systems and the Challenges Posed by Increased Production Levels at Ore Mines around the World<\/h3>\nD<\/span>evelopments in production levels at ore mines as a result of the transition from large opencast mines to deep mining have forced mine operators and machinery manufacturers towards greater modernisation and innovation, especially when it comes to methods and technology for ore loading and transport. Large-scale opencast mines producing copper ore, such as Grasberg and Chuquicamata, employ modern, highly efficient surface mining techniques. However, as Chuquicamata and other large mines have shown, this kind of technology tends to reach its limits at working depths of more than 1,000 m and as a result any further extraction can only be carried out cost effectively by switching to deep mining methods. There are also examples where deposits at existing mines have been developed to achieve production rates similar to those of opencast operations, such as at the LKAB-owned Kiruna mine in Sweden.<\/p>\n

Author: <\/strong>Dipl.- Ing. Karl-Heinz Wennmohs, Mining & Rock Excavation Technique (M & R), Witten<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Assessing the Corrosion Risk to Coal-Face Chains<\/h3>\n
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Fig. 7. Corrosion failure at a chain link. \/\/ Bild 7. Korrosionsversagen an einem Kettenglied. Source\/Quelle: THIELE<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nC<\/span>oal winning is now generally associated with the mechanised longwall face system. Data on the actual number of such production units is currently only available for a few countries, though recent estimates have suggested that there are about 2,000 longwall faces in operation at collieries around the world, with about three quarters of these to be found in the Peoples Republic of China (1). This paper will seek to focus on longwall operations of this kind.<\/p>\n

Authors: <\/strong>Dr.-Ing. G\u00fcnther Philipp, Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer, und Alexander Gerth, M.Sc., THIELE GmbH & Co. KG, Iserlohn<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Using a Hierarchical Approach for the Dilution of Gases<\/h3>\nI<\/span>n order to ensure safe underground working conditions, especially in case of gas outbursts, it is essential to develop ventilation concepts for the necessary dilution of harmful gases with respect to the occurring gases, gas concentrations and general operational conditions as to cross-sectional areas and existing ventilation systems. Therefore, a concept for a hierarchical approach for the dilution of gases was developed, combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Ventilation Network modeling. For the two-phase gas\/air flow that occurs during a gas burst, a CFD simulation was performed and the behavior of the gas burst and its impact on the existing ventilation were analysed. Based on the simulation, various measures for the dilution of air dependent upon the severity of the gas burst as well as the geometrical conditions were tested and evaluated according to their efficiency. An integration of the simulation results into the existing superior ventilation network calculations was then performed with the Mine Ventilation Simulation Software VentsimTM<\/sup>, a tool that provides compressible ventilation system calculations and is capable of delivering the requirements for the development of quick, effective and safe ventilation concepts.<\/p>\n

Authors: <\/strong>Dr.-Ing. Elisabeth Clausen und M.Tech. Amit Agasty, Institut f\u00fcr Bergbau, Technische Universit\u00e4t (TU) Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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About Possibilities to Improve Current Outburst Hazard Prediction Based on Updated Mechanism of Coal and Gas Outburst<\/h3>\nI<\/span>n this paper the problem of coal and gas outburst \u2013 the coal pit\u2019s most complex and dangerous induced geodynamic phenomenon \u2013 occurrence and development has been considered in details. Based on the theoretical and experimental researches it has been shown that this phenomenon may occur in full strength only with sufficient quantity of total potential energy available in the massif\u2019s face area together with the conditions required for development of each stage of the phenomenon. However, the main condition shall be occurrence and development of the intensive opening and extension of cracks quasiparallel to the seam\u2019s exposed surface and saturation of these cracks with pressurised free gas in the face area.<\/p>\n

Updating of the coal and gas outburst process allows to improve current prediction of the mine opening hazards with respect to the coal and gas outbursts.<\/p>\n

Authors: <\/strong>Prof. Dr.-Ing. Viktor Semenovich Zykov, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hee Un Lee<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Optimizing Long-term Mine Water Management of Mining Sites with the Help of Directional Drilling and Liner Technology<\/h3>\nT<\/span>he exploitation of raw materials in opencast or subsurface mining is usually followed by an impact on the water balance. To guarantee a secure and efficient production process the water must be drained. The environment-friendly mine water management should be implemented during the active mining as well as in the post-mining phase. Moreover, abandoned mine sites are often marked by unsolved hydrogeological questions.<\/p>\n

This article deals with a number of options to optimize the mine and geothermal water management on the basis of liner technology. This proven technology can be adapted on the specific hydrochemistry, on the construction form and the conditions of the given infrastructure. Also in combination with directional drilling and horizontal or inclined bore holes, the liner technology can be used.<\/p>\n

Authors: <\/strong>Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Goerke-Mallet, Forschungszentrum Nachbergbau der Technischen Fachhochschule (TFH) Georg Agricola, Bochum, Frank Mersmann, SAERTEX multicom GmbH, Saerbeck, Thorsten Beermann, Beermann Bohrtechnik GmbH, H\u00f6rstel-Riesenbeck, Dr.-Ing. Max Thomas St\u00f6ttner, Hochschule Osnabr\u00fcck, Osnabr\u00fcck<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t

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Editorial Issue 01_2016 <\/span><\/h3>\n\t\t\t
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\n\t\nAndreas-Peter Sitte
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Editorial<\/h2>\n

The present issue marks the start of Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf\u2019s second year of publication since its re-acquisition by the German Coal Association. Looking back over 2015 it can be said that the decision to introduce thematic categories, as well as to devote a special section to ISSA Mining and place a greater focus on non coal mining themes, has proved to be the right one. This has been confirmed not only by the positive trend in subscriber numbers but also through individual comments that have come from our readership. We would of course be very pleased if more readers could let us know what they think about the makeup and content of the magazine and what they expect from the editorial team. This can best be done by visiting our website (www.2025.mining-report.de).<\/p>\n

The focus of this issue of Mining Report is on mining regions that have played a major role at international level for many years and others that have real potential for the future. Canada has enjoyed a long tradition as a mining nation and we shall be looking at developments in the \u2018Ring of Fire\u2019 in the Province of Ontario and discussing what kind of conditions investors and mining suppliers can expect from an involvement in this area. Russia, which has been a traditional mining market for some years, is now in the midst of an economic recession that is also affecting the mining industry and the coal sector. This situation is exacerbated by the political sanctions being imposed by the West as a consequence of Russia\u2019s policy towards Ukraine. Yet in spite of these difficulties the Russian government remains intent on pushing ahead with an expansion of coal production.<\/p>\n

Turkey is an important future market for the mining sector and we shall be reviewing the prospects for mining operations in that region, with the focus on coal extraction. Another mining country with real potential is Mongolia and we also include a paper outlining the latest developments in that region and the various measures of support now being provided.<\/p>\n

No overseas project commitment is possible without secure financing. We will be discussing what kind of players are now active in the commodities financing sector and will be examining the different forms of capital that can be used for specific project phases.<\/p>\n

And of course we will not be leaving mining technology out of the equation. Interesting developments that could well help reduce operating costs include a measurement and metering system for coal-face hydraulic fluids and new methods of ore processing.<\/p>\n

Finally I come to the ISSA Mining section: This includes a look back at the International Mining Rescue Body Conference held in Hanover in September 2015 along with a description of one particular safety management system that could serve the international project industry very well in its efforts to meet occupational safety and environmental protection requirements.<\/p>\n

With my best regards<\/p>\n

Dipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte
\nChief Editor Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf, Herne<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Topics Issue 01_2016 <\/span><\/h3>\n\t\t\t
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The present issue marks the start of Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf\u2019s second year of publication since its re-acquisition by the German Coal Association. Looking back over 2015 it can be said that the decision to introduce thematic categories, as well as to devote a special section to ISSA Mining and place a greater focus on non coal mining themes, has proved to be the right one. This has been confirmed not only by the positive trend in subscriber numbers but also through individual comments …<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n

With my best regards \/\/ Mit freundlichem Gl\u00fcckauf
\nDipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte
\nChief Editor Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf, Herne<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Current Developments in the Russian Mining Industry<\/h3>\nT<\/span>he Russian economy is set to shrink by 3.5 to 4.0\u2009% in 2015 and this recession is expected to continue through 2016. Oil prices are now at an all-time low and are predicted to remain so for the time being. The conflict in eastern Ukraine has flamed up again and this makes any lifting of Western sanctions unlikely. The prospects for economic recovery in Russia therefore remain poor. Yet while Moscow seems to be intent on forcing an upturn in the fortunes of the coal industry, there were by the end of 2015 clear warning signs for the government. Russian coal exports were on the decline throughout the year and imports of coal to China, including those from Russia, were dramatically cut back, while renewables based electricity is growing in popularity, even in Russia. Despite all this the Russian Government remains resolved to invest heavily in expanding coal production and to subsidise the building of power stations along with the coal export sector.<\/p>\n

Author: <\/strong>Peter v. Hartlieb, Bereichsleiter Netzwerk Bergbauwirtschaft, EnergieAgentur.NRW, D\u00fcsseldorf<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Potentials of the Mining Region \u201cRing of Fire\u201d in the Province of Ontario<\/h3>\n
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Fig. 4. Ontario and Matawa First Nations Regional Framework Agreement. \/\/ Bild 4. Ontario und Matawa First Nations Regional Framework Agreement. Photo\/Foto: MEDEI<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nC<\/span>anada is the second largest country in the world and one of the most important raw material suppliers worldwide. The country\u2019s diverse natural resources include energy sources such as oil and gas, as well as many agricultural commodities, in addition to mineral deposits. Therefore mining has a long tradition in Canada. The province of Ontario, which is the motor of the country\u2019s economy and is bordered to the north by Hudson\u2019s Bay and to the south by the Great Lakes, is also a center for the mining industry.<\/p>\n

Ontario is Canada\u2019s economic powerhouse in many respects. It is the most populous province, with a population of 14 million people. 39\u2009% of all Canadians live in Ontario and 46\u2009% of the country\u2019s manufacturing output is generated here. It is also the financial center, with 45\u2009% of all financial services employment in Canada. The development of the mining region Ring of Fire in Ontario\u00b4s north started in 2001 and not only influences the economical forces of the province but those of the whole country.<\/p>\n

Author: <\/strong>Terrie Romano, Konsulin Wirtschaftsangelegenheiten der Provinz Ontario, Konsulat von Kanada, M\u00fcnchen<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Financing of International Mining Projects<\/h3>\nA<\/span>s an industrial nation, Germany is obliged to safeguard its supplies of natural resources by obtaining a number of different raw materials that are not available, or cannot be supplied in sufficient quantities, on the domestic market. From a German perspective the development of overseas mineral deposits therefore plays a vital role when it comes to externally sourced commodities, and particularly energy resources, metals and\/or metal ores and a number of industrial minerals. Although there are just a few German companies currently engaged directly in their own foreign mining operations, including AMG Mining AG (Graphit Kropfm\u00fchl), Cronimet Mining AG and K+S AG, it would not be possible to develop new mineral deposits without some form of financial backing. This applies equally to projects that contribute indirectly to the supply of raw materials through intermediaries or purchasing agreements.
\nThe following paper presents a brief outline of the different types of players currently involved in the commodity financing business and uses the life cycle of a natural-resources project to show the different forms of capital that can come into play for the various phases of the operation. Different forms of project development are depicted, based both on equity capital and on debt capital. When it comes to debt capital the focus is put on the different types of financing available for project companies (junior miners) on a non-recourse basis, as this form of mining project development ideally illustrates the challenges that can arise in the field of project funding.<\/p>\n

Author: <\/strong>Tim Langenbach, Vice President Metals & Mining, KfW IPEX-Bank GmbH, Frankfurt\/M.<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Mining in Mongolia \u2013 Everything is Possible<\/h3>\n
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Fig. 2. German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology (GMIT). \/\/ Bild 2. Deutsch-Mongolische Hochschule f\u00fcr Rohstoffe und Technologie (DMHT). Foto: DMHT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nI<\/span>n 2011 Mongolia experienced an economic boom with growth recorded at 17.5\u2009% (1). This was triggered by the start of the first phase of the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) project that involved investments totalling 6.6 bn US$ (2). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) believes that Mongolia has natural resources worth between 1,000 and 3,000 bn US$ (3), including the world\u2019s second-largest reserves of copper. Mongolia is therefore one of the most resource-rich countries on the planet (4), having as it does plentiful supplies of gold, copper, coal, molybdenum, fluorite, tin and uranium.
\nAfter presenting a brief description of the challenges that Mongolia is currently facing, the paper goes on to discuss four of the 20 or more mining projects that are under way in the country at the present time. The three ventures in question are at Oyu Tolgoi, Tavan Tolgoi, Erdenet and Tsagaan Suvarga. Germany has always enjoyed close economic ties with Mongolia and this explains the presence of two German business institutions, whose functions are described in more detail below. The revitalised German-Mongolian resource partnership, which is backed up by well-connected German-Mongolian institutions, offers great prospects for German companies on the Mongolian market.<\/p>\n

Author: <\/strong>Rebecca Schm\u00fccking, Coordinator German-Mongolian Economic Committee, German-Mongolian Business Association (DMUV), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Redefining Deposit\u2019s Reserves by Advanced Mineral Processing Approaches<\/h3>\nT<\/span>he estimation of a deposit\u2019s reserves depends on the geological and mineralogical characteristics as well as the market value of the product. It is also influenced by the mining and mineral processing technology applied and the respective costs generated. Ongoing challenges such as decreasing prices, lower grade ores, rising labour and equipment costs call for new approaches. This paper highlights some of those in the processing of ores such as selective comminution or confined particle-bed breakage which might lead to increased recovery and reduced costs. Those advanced mineral processing approaches are based on in-depth knowledge of the comminution behaviour of the ores. Such knowledge is gained through investigation of the minerals using Mineral Liberation Analyser or Quantitative Microstructural Analysis. The option of recovering even low grade ores economically using advanced mineral processing technologies may finally lead to a re-evaluation of the reserves of deposits. The paper is based on the author\u00b4s presentation on the 26th Annual General Meeting and Conference SOMP 2015 at 24th June 2015 in Freiberg\/Germany.<\/p>\n

Author: <\/strong>Prof. Dr.-Ing. Holger Lieberwirth, Institute of Mineral Processing Machines, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg\/Germany<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Coal Mining in Turkey<\/h3>\nO<\/span>ver the past ten years, thanks to billions in loans from the International Monetary Fund, a consistent policy of austerity, and strict spending discipline, Turkey has managed to avoid national bankruptcy and has experienced an economic boom with growth of up to 9\u2009%. A stable political situation, economic reforms, low wages and the privatisation of most state-owned companies have been attracting Turkish and international investors for a decade. Protests against the government\u2019s hard line did cost the country points in terms of its global reputation and in the economy, but they did not raise any prolonged doubts among investors regarding Turkey\u2019s political stability. In addition to China, Turkey is one of the most important future markets for German manufacturers of mining machines and for German mining consultancy firms. This paper provides an overview of the status and outlook for mining activities in Turkey, and pays particular attention to the production of coal for Turkey\u2019s energy supply.<\/p>\n

Authors: <\/strong>Peter v. Hartlieb, Bereichsleiter Netzwerk Bergbauwirtschaft, EnergieAgentur.NRW, D\u00fcsseldorf, Ulrich Ruppel, Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer, und Dirk Wagner, Senior Project Manager, DMT Consulting GmbH, Essen<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Measuring and Dosing System for Operating Fluids Used in Longwall Hydraulic Systems for the Economic Optimisation of Shield Supports<\/h3>\nT<\/span>he estimation of a deposit\u2019s reserves depends on the geological and mineralogical characteristics as well as the market value of the product. It is also influenced by the mining and mineral processing technology applied and the respective costs generated. Ongoing challenges such as decreasing prices, lower grade ores, rising labour and equipment costs call for new approaches. This paper highlights some of those in the processing of ores such as selective comminution or confined particle-bed breakage which might lead to increased recovery and reduced costs. Those advanced mineral processing approaches are based on in-depth knowledge of the comminution behaviour of the ores. Such knowledge is gained through investigation of the minerals using Mineral Liberation Analyser or Quantitative Microstructural Analysis. The option of recovering even low grade ores economically using advanced mineral processing technologies may finally lead to a re-evaluation of the reserves of deposits. The paper is based on the author\u00b4s presentation on the 26th Annual General Meeting and Conference SOMP 2015 at 24th June 2015 in Freiberg\/Germany.<\/p>\n

Authors: <\/strong>Ulrich Schmitz, Dr. Hans-Hermann Hunfeld, Tiefenbach Control Systems GmbH<\/p>\nRead more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Editorial Issue 06_2015 <\/span><\/h3>\n\t\t\t
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Editorial<\/h2>\n

In the first issue of the year I said that the post-mining theme would feature much more prominently than before. I shall now be delivering on this promise. The search for suitable papers quickly showed that this particular topic is simply too diverse for all its aspects to be covered at a single stroke. For this reason the latest edition of Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf will initially devote itself to water management and will attempt to do this by examining the problem from different perspectives, at different locations and from the viewpoint of different branches of the mining industry. Themes such as how to handle former mining sites and develop alternative-use concepts, and how to manage surface subsidence during the post-mining era, will be covered in future issues.<\/p>\n

The multidimensional nature of the post-mining theme includes the news that in 2012 the University of Applied Sciences Georg Agricola joined with the RAG Foundation in establishing an endowed professorship for \u2018Geotechnical engineering and post-mining\u2019 and then more recently, on 22 October 2015, opened the Research Centre Post-Mining on the University campus, the only institution of its kind anywhere in the world. This Centre will bundle the expertise that is needed to be able to shape and manage the consequences of the mining industry in a technical, economic and sustainable way.<\/p>\n

This know-how includes an awareness of the environmental impact of the mineral substances that are present in colliery waste water and mine tailings. The internationally accepted term for this is \u2018acid mine drainage\u2019. A number of papers will focus on this theme and on other issues based on examples taken from water management projects in the Ruhr coalfield, former uranium mining sites in Saxony and Thuringia, and those parts of the Lausatia region that have been affected by opencast lignite mining.<\/p>\n

The final contribution is a review of this year\u2019s Annual Report by the German Coal Association. This too examines the problems of the post-mining era, focusing in this case on the range of tasks facing the RAG coal company following the closure of its colliery operations.<\/p>\n

These technical papers are preceded by two retrospective reports. The first concerns Auguste Victoria colliery in Marl, which RAG is due to close at the end of 2015 as part of the company\u2019s mine-planning response to the agreed withdrawal of mining subsidies. This provides an appropriate opportunity to look back at the eventful history of the colliery and to assess its importance for the town and surrounding region. The second relates to the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, which celebrates its 250th anniversary this year. Reason enough to review the history of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg – the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world.<\/p>\n

With my best regards<\/p>\n

Dipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte
\nChief Editor Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf, Herne<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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In the first issue of the year I said that the post-mining theme would feature much more prominently than before. I shall now be delivering on this promise. For this reason the latest edition of Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf will initially devote itself to water management and will attempt to do this by examining the problem from different perspectives, at different locations and from the viewpoint of different branches of the mining industry.<\/p>\n

With my best regards \/\/ Mit freundlichem Gl\u00fcckaufDipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte
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Research Institute of Post-Mining, TFH Georg Agricola University of Applied Sciences, Bochum \u2013 Strategies, Activities and Research Priorities<\/a><\/h3>\n

I<\/span>n the Federal Republic of Germany the hard coal production will be phased out by the end of 2018. The abandonment of the coal mining industry triggers a crucial structural change in the former mining regions which has to be planned and shaped actively. In order to come up with the challenges, risks and chances of post-mining, the TFH Georg Agricola University of Applied Sciences, Bochum, Germany, established a new master program for post-mining which is unique in the world. In addition, the Research Institute of Post-Mining is founded. It investigates possible solutions for central issues in coping with the perpetual obligations. A major task of the Research Institute is to maintain and pass on the mining-based know-how. The establishment of the Master course and the Research Institute is specifically promoted by the RAG-Foundation, Essen, Germany. This includes the foundation of an endowed chair.<\/a><\/p>\n

Authors: <\/b>Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Christian Melchers, Leiter des Forschungszentrums Nachbergbau, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Goerke-Mallet, Lehrbeauftragter am Forschungs\u00adzentrum Nachbergbau, Technische Fachhochschule (TFH) Georg Agricola, Bochum<\/a><\/p>\nLearn more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Predicting Acid Mine Drainage: Past, Present, Future<\/a><\/h3>\n
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Fig. 1. AMD waters in the Rio Tinto, Spain. \/\/ Bild 1. AMD-belastetes Wasser im Rio Tinto, Spanien. Photo\/Foto Lottermoser<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T<\/span>otal worldwide liability associated current and future remediation of acid mine drainage (AMD) is approximately 100,000 million US-$. Consequences of failing to predict AMD for individual operations and for the mining industry include unplanned spending on remedial measures and reputational damage. Despite these severe risks, predicting AMD properties of mine wastes is typically not an attribute that is strongly embedded into the development of mineral resources. While the research community needs to establish practical state-of-the-art AMD characterisation tools, industry has to accept and use such tools, if we are to achieve more cost-effective mine closure and reduce environmental liabilities in the long term. In future, AMD predictive tests and methodologies should rely on integrated field and laboratory tools measuring mineralogical, geochemical, textural and geometallurgical properties. Such an approach supports more effective waste management during operation and ultimately leads to less costly mine closure outcomes. The paper is based on the author\u00b4s presentation on the Aachen International Mining Symposium (AIMS) at 27th May 2015.<\/a><\/p>\n

Author:<\/b>
\n<\/b>Prof. Dr. Bernd Lottermoser, Leiter des Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, Rheinisch Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen<\/a><\/p>\nLearn more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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The Groundwater Raise in Lignite Mining Induced Areas in Lusetia \u2013 Actions taken to reduce the Follows Ups<\/a><\/h3>\n
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W<\/span>hile mining of lignite in opencast ceased in Lausitz and Leipzig area, groundwater level raises fast. Housing areas and roads partly were erected without considering former ground water levels. In the drained soil strata, pyrite oxidized and formed vast quantities of iron hydroxide and sulphate. These substances are now carried out into nearby water courses. Investigations show some areas endangered from groundwater raise. Water quality problems occur along rivers and creeks due to inflowing iron hydroxide and sulphate. The Lausitzer and Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH (LMBV), Senftenberg\/Germany, developed dewatering wells as well as draining systems in order to lower water table.<\/a><\/p>\n

Authors: <\/b>Dr.-Ing. Friedrich-Carl Benthaus, Strategie und Entwicklung, Dr. rer. nat. Oliver Totsche, Wasserwirtschaftliche Grunds\u00e4tze, Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH (LMBV), Senftenberg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t

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Auguste Victoria Colliery \u2013 a Reliable Partner through the Years<\/a><\/h3>\n

A<\/span>uguste Victoria colliery in Marl will cease production on 31th December 2015. The town of Marl owes its origins to the mine and coal mining, along with the chemical industry, has been a major factor in the economic development of the local community and region right up to the present day. The author traces the history and technical developments of the colliery and previews the structural changes that will be needed to prepare former colliery sites, and that of Auguste Victoria in particular, for future use.<\/a><\/p>\n

Author:<\/b> Dipl.-Ing. J\u00fcrgen Kroker, Leiter des Bergwerks Auguste Victoria der RAG Aktiengesellschaft, Marl<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t

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250 Years of the Bergakademie Freiberg, the World\u2019s Oldest Mining University<\/a><\/h3>\n

T<\/span>hroughout its long history, the Bergakademie Freiberg has played an important role in the mining sciences and was a major driving force in the development of the geosciences and the natural and engineering sciences. Its high-level scientific education attracted students from all over the world. Among the most famous to enrol were Alexander von Humboldt (1769\u2009\u2013\u20091859) and Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg (1772\u2009\u2013\u20091801), or Novalis as he was known. The Bergakademie Freiberg\u2019s reputation benefited from the presence of renowned scientists who either taught or studied there, such as Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749\u2009\u2013\u20091817), Clemens Winkler (1839\u2009\u2013\u20091904), Ferdinand Reich (1799\u2009\u2013\u20091882) and Hieronymus Theodor Richter (1828\u2009\u2013\u20091898). The list also includes Julius Ludwig Weisbach (1806\u2009\u2013\u20091871), a polymath and pioneer of modern engineering in fields such as mining machines and mine surveying; Gustav Anton Zeuner (1828\u2009\u2013\u20091907), a talented organiser in introducing new scientific structures and study content to higher education; and Erich Rammler (1901\u2009\u2013\u20091986), who developed the world\u2019s first high-temperature process for producing metallurgical coke from lignite.<\/a><\/p>\n

Author:<\/b> Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Gerd Grabow, Freiberg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t

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Water Authorities in Structural Transformation in the Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Belt \u2013 a (new) Perspective with the Decline of the Mining Industry<\/a><\/h3>\n

T<\/span>he water authorities of the Rhenish-Westphalian industrial belt, namely the Emscher and Lippe river management associations and the Lower-Rhine catchment area authority, have been responsible for managing the water resources of the region as a public service for over 100 years. The impact of the mining industry has been such that local water resources have had to be adapted on a continuous basis and it was these measures that first made the industrial and commercial development of the region possible. The functional aspects of the waste-water disposal and purification systems and flood protection measures also played a decisive role.<\/a><\/p>\n

Authors:<\/b> Ass. d. Markscheidefachs Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Brandt, Vorstand, und Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang K\u00fchn, Leiter Fachbereich Wasserwirtschaft der Linksniederrheinischen Entw\u00e4sserungs-Genossenschaft (LINEG), Kamp-Lintfort, Dr.-Ing. Emanuel Gr\u00fcn, Mitglied des Vorstands, und Dr.-Ing. Hans-Willi Jakobs, Leiter Abt. Bergtechnik und Vermessung der Emschergenossenschaft (EG), Essen und des Lippeverbands (LV)<\/a><\/p>\nLearn more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Density Stratification in Mine Water Bodies as a Contribution to Better Long-Term Water Management<\/a><\/h3>\n

I<\/span>n flooded shafts of the Ruhr-area distinct boundaries between differently mineralised water bodies have been observed at diverse locations. The influx of higher mineralised water from the rock mass and from the mine workings on the one hand and the penetrating less mineralised surface water on the other hand causes significant density differences in the water column. The formation of a stable stratification can be proven by measurements of temperature and conductivity. These measurements confirm that columns of water in flooded shafts display stratification with distinct boundaries between individual, homogeneous layers. The stable conditions are driven by convection currents which generate from the influx of higher tempered and mineralised mine water. Therefore, the observed density stratification can be considered as the result of a complex flow pattern which is governed by the mineralisation and temperature of the water in the shaft. The phenomenon of density stratification is an important criterion in the flooding of existing mine facilities after mine closure and requires further research.<\/a><\/p>\n

Authors:<\/b> Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Christian Melchers, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Goerke-Mallet und Laura Henkel, M. Sc.,
\nForschungszentrum Nachbergbau der Technischen Fachhochschule (TFH) Georg Agricola, Bochum,
\nProf. em. Dr. rer. nat. Wilhelm G. Coldewey, Dominik Wesche, M. Sc., Institut f\u00fcr Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie der Westf\u00e4lischen Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t (WWU), M\u00fcnster<\/a><\/p>\nLearn more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Water Management \u2013 a Core Task of the Wismut Remediation Programme<\/a><\/h3>\n

W<\/span>ater management and conventional technical water treatment are by far the most cost-intensive long-term tasks of the Wismut remediation programme. Over the medium term, there is no viable alternative to the operation of active systems to catch and treat contaminated mine waters at the Ronneburg, Schlema, K\u00f6nigstein, P\u00f6hla, Seelingst\u00e4dt and Helmsdorf sites. Based on the status quo this paper outlines the key issues of the Wismut GmbH water management strategy over the medium and long term. It is focused primarily on achieving protection goals for potentially impacted water bodies in the surroundings of Wismut sites and on optimising associated remediation expenditure as well as on creating the prerequisites for achieving low post-remedial care and maintenance or walk-away system status over the long term.<\/a><\/p>\n

Authors:<\/b> Dr.-Ing. Michael Paul, Dr. J\u00fcrgen Meyer, Dr. Ulf Jenk, Andrea Kassahun, Andrea Schramm, Dr. Delf Baacke, Norbert Forbrig, Thomas Metschies, Bereich Ingenieurwesen\/Strahlenschutz, Wismut GmbH, Chemnitz<\/a><\/p>\nLearn more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Coal 2015 \u2013 Acting Responsibility. Creating new Perspectives.<\/a><\/h3>\n

I<\/span>n November 2015 the German Hard Coal Association (GVSt) in Herne, Germany, presented its annual report titled \u201cCoal 2015 \u2013 Acting responsibly. Creating new perspectives.\u201d The report outlines all kinds of ways in which the coal industry is already readying itself to deal responsibly with the post-mining era. Additionally it presents the current situation of the German coal industry and discusses the national and international background conditions also including the newest working, social and tariff regulations. Moreover it includes a review of the international commodity markets and an analysis of energy and climate policy. The report can also be downloaded from the GVSt website: www.gvst.de<\/a><\/p>\n

Authors:<\/b> Prof. Dr. Franz-Josef Wodopia, Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrendes Vorstandsmitglied und Hauptgesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer,
\nMichael Weberink, Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer, Gesamtverband Steinkohle e. V. (GVSt), Herne<\/a><\/p>\nLearn more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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Editorial<\/h2>\n

In this present edition of Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf I shall pick up on a number of topics, some of which also featured at various conferences and symposia held over the summer. At this point I should like in particular to mention two conferences that Germany has hosted this year. The first of these was the Aachen International Mining Symposium (AIMS) at the end of May, which for the last time was held under the direction of Professor Per Nicolai Martens. Thanks in no small measure to the efforts of Prof. Martens over many years these events have now acquired a high international standing. And this is one of a number of reasons why the German mining community owes him a debt of gratitude. In handing over the reins of the Mining Engineering Department at RWTH Aachen University to his successor, Prof. Bernd Lottermoser, he has also entrusted the future of the AIMS to his care. The second event that I wish to highlight is the Annual Conference of the Society of Mining Professors (SOMP), which this year drew mining academics from all over the world to the venue in Saxony to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the founding of the Freiberg Academy of Mining. The fact that this conference is being held in Germany in the first place can be taken as evidence of the global recognition of the mining skills and expertise that we have developed here. It is against this background that the themes selected for this edition have to be seen. Occupational safety and process efficiency are key areas of activity for every sector, not just the mining industry. The paper under the heading of ISSA Mining illustrates that both these factors have to work hand in hand if economic success is to be achieved. Cross-linking coal face systems with a high level of automation helps improve efficiency and industrial safety just as much as measures aimed at a self-sustaining mine control technology. In underground hard rock mining the use of modern rail transport installations makes for increased productivity and constitutes a cost-effective alternative to other types of haulage systems. Individual technical improvements, such as re-designed sprockets for chain scraper conveyors, help to reduce material wear and lower maintenance costs. We have also included an article that looks back at the 93-year history of FABERG, the mining standards committee, which is to cease operating at the end of 2015. Security of supply is a theme that also features in this issue. In this context, a coal-industry perspective of the 2014 Energy Study produced by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) is supplemented by an article that examines the criteria for the exploration and extraction of the rare earth elements that are so crucial for today\u2019s new technologies. With my best regards
\nDipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte Chief Editor Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf, Herne \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Occupational safety and process efficiency are key areas of activity for every sector, not just the mining industry. The paper under the heading of ISSA Mining illustrates that both these factors have to work hand in hand if economic success is to be achieved. Cross-linking coal face systems with a high level of automation helps improve efficiency and industrial safety just as much as measures aimed at a self-sustaining mine control technology. In underground hard rock mining the use of modern rail transport installations makes for increased productivity and constitutes a cost-effective alternative to other types of haulage systems. Individual technical improvements, such as re-designed sprockets for chain scraper conveyors, help to reduce material wear and lower maintenance costs. We have also included an article that looks back at the 93-year history of FABERG, the mining standards committee, which is to cease operating at the end of 2015. Security of supply is a theme that also features in this issue. In this context, a coal-industry perspective of the 2014 Energy Study produced by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) is supplemented by an article that examines the criteria for the exploration and extraction of the rare earth elements that are so crucial for today\u2019s new technologies. Mit freundlichem Gl\u00fcckauf,
\nDipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte Chief Editor Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf, Herne
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Setting the REE Industry-Specific Criteria and their Significant Role in the Viability of Rare Earth Underground Mining Projects<\/a><\/h3>\n

T<\/span>o evaluate the feasibility of a future underground mining operation is a complex problem in itself, with several different parameters to be accounted for and evaluated to secure investment decisions over the viability of any potential underground mining project. This procedure gets even more complicated when it comes to exploiting rare earth deposits. Various concerns are expressed regarding the environmental impacts that an underground mining operation may cause due to the radioactivity of the rare earth elements during mining and in waste treatment. Furthermore, the fragile market and the diversified supply and demand of the different rare earth elements can significantly affect the viability of such a venture, among other factors. This paper deals with the definition and classification of the specific criteria that govern the REE mining industry. Moreover, a thorough investigation is made of how these criteria can determine not only the selection of the underground mining method to be applied, but also of the impact that they may have to the overall feasibility of any given potential project.<\/a> Authors: <\/strong>George Barakos, Helmholtz Institut Freiberg f\u00fcr Ressourcentechnologie; Helmut Mischo, Institut f\u00fcr Bergbau und Spezialtiefbau der TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Deutschland<\/a> \n\t\t

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Intelligent Face Systems with a Direct Link to the Mine Control Room Provide New Technology for the International Coal Industry<\/a><\/h3>\n
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Fig. 4. Testing and training set-up
Bild 4. \u00dcbert\u00e4giger Versuchs- und Schulungsaufbau<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T<\/span>his paper discusses the intelligent interaction<\/strong> of the key systems that make up a longwall mining installation. The high level of automation that can be achieved with an interlinked system is the key to greater efficiency, by way of energy and resource savings, and a significant improvement in workplace safety. The involvement of operator know-how is the essential element in developing solutions for intelligent face systems. RAG Mining Solutions GmbH, Herne\/Germany, has been working closely with RAG Deutsche Steinkohle, Herne\/Germany, to develop a software solution for the interaction of the main operating systems that go to make up a longwall face installation. This paper uses practical examples to describe how operators have helped shape the development process, resulting in promising new technology for the international coal industry. It also explains how the chosen software solution is connected to the downstream control-room systems. It is based on the second author\u00b4s presentation on the Aachen International Mining Symposium at 28th May 2015.<\/a> Authors:<\/strong> Mark Becker M. Sc., Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Martin, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Junker, RAG Mining Solutions GmbH, Herne<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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New Teeth for Chain Conveyor \u2013 Innovative new Sprocket Reducing Costs and Increasing Efficiency<\/a><\/h3>\n
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Fig. 9. A complete HB Shark Spocket with shifting for grease lubrication
Bild 9. Ein komplettes Kettenrad HB Shark Sprocket mit Verlagerung ausgef\u00fchrt f\u00fcr Fettschmierung<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I<\/span>n 2012 Halbach & Braun Industrieanlagen GmbH & Co. in Hattingen\/Germany,<\/strong> which has almost 100 years experience in the design and manufacturing of chain conveyors, made an innovative step to improve the exchange of worn sprockets by changing only teeth bars instead of complete sprockets. This new design was successfully tested on a mine in China, proving advantages in handling and efficiency.<\/a> Author: <\/b>Dipl.-Ing. Heinrich H\u00f6hl, Halbach & Braun Industrieanlagen GmbH & Co, Hattingen, Deutschland<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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Advantages and Applications of Rail Haulage Systems in Underground Hard Rock Mining Operations<\/a><\/h3>\n
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Fig. 2. Example of Schalke\u2019s full automated rail haulage system at LKAB
Bild 2. Beispiel des vollautomatischen Schalke-Zugf\u00f6rdersystems bei LKAB<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I<\/span>n the past twenty years, substantial efforts have been made to introduce improvements<\/strong> to rail haulage systems and to catch up with the advantages of the other methods of haulage and conveyance in underground hard rock mining operations. Modern high performance rail haulage systems eliminate the historical disadvantages and have been able to take over the \u2018number-one\u2019 position with regard to productivity, reliability, servicing and maintenance. Together with the global trend of going underground using bulk mining methods within hard rock mining this leads to an increasing usage of rail haulage systems.<\/a> With regard to the choice of the most suitable haulage system it is necessary to analyze the advantages and disadvantages dependent on defined background conditions as well as to assess their economic influences and their \u2018weighting\u2019 within the overall context of mining operations. Therefore, an evaluation tool has been developed to identify the cost drivers of the various haulage systems through which especially the advantages but also the reduction of possible disadvantages of rail haulage for underground mining operation can be made transparent.<\/a> Authors: <\/b>Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt. Ing. Andreas Merchiers, Dr.-Ing. Gregor Brudek, Schalker Eisenh\u00fctte Maschinenfabrik GmbH, Bochum, Germany; Markus Dammers, M.Sc., Institute of Mining Engineering I (BBK1), RWTH Aachen University, Germany<\/a> Learn more<\/a>\n\n\t\t

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FABERG \u2013 93 Years of Mining Industry Standards<\/a><\/h3>\n

F<\/span>ABERG, the Herne-based mining standards committee<\/strong>, is part of the German Institute for Standardisation (DIN) in Berlin. As a joint institution of the German mining industry FABERG is supported by the Berlin-based VRB (German Association for Raw Materials and Mining) and in terms of its organisation and staff is affiliated to the Deutsche Montan Technologie (DMT) for Mining, Energy and the Environment. FABERG is responsible for national standardisation in the field of mining and also acts as a representative on European and international standardisation committees. It supports the introduction into all relevant areas of those German standards that are part of its specialised field. It has now been decided that FABERG will be disbanded at the end of 2015, some 93 years after its foundation in 1922. More than enough reason to look back on and take stock of its achievements.<\/a> Authors: <\/b>Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Dauber, Vorsitzender des Kuratoriums, und Dipl.-Ing. Hans Georg Blasgude, Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer des FABERG Normenausschuss Bergbau im DIN e.V<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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BGR Energy Study 2014 \u2013 Observations from a Coal-Industry Perspective<\/a><\/h3>\n

I<\/span>n December 2014 the Federal Institute for Geo-Sciences and Raw Materials (BGR)<\/strong> presented its new \u2018Energy Study 2014\u2019 that takes stock of \u2018reserves, resources and the availability of energy supplies\u2019 at national and global level in 2013. In publishing the study the BGR hopes to contribute to the public debate on Germany\u2019s current and future energy supply situation by providing specialist information from its area of competence and in so doing to offer resource-specific advice to German industry and to the Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy (BMWi), a body that plays such a key role in this field. In the following paper the author examines the BGR Energy Study from the perspective of the German coal industry.<\/a> Author: <\/b>Dipl.-\u00d6konom Dr. Kai van de Loo, Bereichsleiter Volkswirtschaft und Wirtschaftspolitik, Gesamtverband Steinkohle e.V. (GVSt), Herne, und Mitglied des Vorstands der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (AGEB), Berlin<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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Editorial Issue 04_2015 <\/span><\/h3>\n\t\t\t
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Editorial<\/h2>\n

This latest edition of Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf will again seek to look beyond the horizon line of previous papers and following on from the special theme of final repository mining that appeared in the June edition will now focus on overseas mining activities. Innovation is the buzz\u00adword when it comes to developing the potential of Canada\u2018s mineral resources. Difficult conditions in the north of the country, mining depths of more than 2,500 m and tougher legislation on the environmental impact of mining operations all provide starting points for the market entry of German companies. And there are also opportunities for German suppliers in southern Africa, where there are huge reserves of mineral resources spanning the entire value-added chain. However we should not ignore the problems that may arise when seeking to establish business ventures in this region. These range from a lack of infrastructure to the tough competition that will come from established providers from other countries. What kind of strategy should German companies adopt when operating in a mining sector that is in a worldwide slump? Australia is now inviting attention from prospective market players, who will have to be aware of country-specific and legal realities as well as market circumstances. Before embarking on any mining venture it is essential to assess the intrinsic value of the project, and the \u201atheory of constraints\u2018 is a good place to start. Of course focusing on economic and legal matters does not mean having to neglect the technical side of things. Daniel Sch\u00e4fer reports on a value stream analysis that he carried out at Zinkgruvan mine in Sweden as part of his final dissertation paper at RWTH Aachen University. In 2014 the VRB (Federation of Mining and Mineral Resources) awarded him the Helmuth-Burckhardt prize for his examination performance. We also wish to be quick in paying our own tribute to these award winners by publishing their work in Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf. This latest issue is rounded off with a description of developments in the field of deep-ocean mining and a review of German lignite in 2014. The report on the lignite sector, like that for the coal industry (Issue 2\/2015)<\/a>, has been an established part of the editorial make-up of Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf for many years. The ongoing debate on whether Germany should cease coal-fired electricity generation along with, or even before, the phasing-out of nuclear power only shows the short-sighted approach that has been taken when assessing the security of our energy supplies. Reports on the importance of coal will therefore continue to provide further arguments why this fuel will be indispensable for the economic development of our country for many years to come. With my best regards
\nDipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte Chief Editor Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf, Herne \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Innovation is the buzz\u00adword when it comes to developing the potential of Canada\u2018s mineral resources. Difficult conditions in the north of the country, mining depths of more than 2,500 m and tougher legislation on the environmental impact of mining operations all provide starting points for the market entry of German companies. And there are also opportunities for German suppliers in southern Africa, where there are huge reserves of mineral resources spanning the entire value-added chain. However we should not ignore the problems that may arise when seeking to establish business ventures in this region. These range from a lack of infrastructure to the tough competition that will come from established providers from other countries. What kind of strategy should German companies adopt when operating in a mining sector that is in a worldwide slump? Australia is now inviting attention from prospective market players, who will have to be aware of country-specific and legal realities as well as market circumstances. With my best regards, Dipl.-Ing. Andreas-Peter Sitte Chief Editor Mining Report Gl\u00fcckauf \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Canada\u2019s Natural Resource Potential and Recent Developments<\/a><\/h3>\n

\u201cI<\/span>nnovation in Canada\u2019s Mineral Development Model\u201d was the theme of the 19th National Mining Week, which took place in Canada from May 11 to 15, 2015. The fact that a Mining Week is held demonstrates the important role mining plays in the lives of Canadians and the awareness for this sector in society. The theme reflects a trend as well as a commitment: to support the mining sector in its efforts to remain a global leader in minerals and metals, with innovation driving responsible and sustainable development of Canada\u2019s natural resources, creating jobs and future prosperity. This article will present some of the main trends driving the development of Canada\u2019s natural resources sector: Canada as a new supplier of strategic minerals such as rare earth elements; the expansion of exploration and mining efforts to the North and the Arctic; and the focus on innovation to meet technological and environmental challenges, including research to extend mining to depths greater than 2.5 km.<\/a> Author: Dr. Bruno Wiest, Leitender Beauftragter f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Technologie, Botschaft von Kanada, Berlin<\/a> \n\t\t

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The Potential of Southern African Mining Countries<\/a><\/h3>\n

A<\/span>frica\u2019s growing importance for the global economy is clearly visible in the increasing activities of companies from around the world. Countries such as France and the US have long been heavily represented in Africa, while others such as China, India and Brazil have been increasing their presence for more than a decade. German industry is also present, but is so far keeping a lower profile than in other world regions. Although German companies are well-equipped in many areas for success on the African market, they have so far avoided entering it. Yet numerous opportunities for German suppliers exist along the entire value-added chain, from exploration to processing. Opportunities particularly worthy of note are those in process optimisation, resource efficiency, technology development, modernisation measures for above and below ground, post mining, and education and further training.<\/a> Author: Peter von Hartlieb, Bereichsleiter Netzwerk Bergbau, EnergieAgentur.NRW, D\u00fcsseldorf<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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The Australian Mining Supply Sector: Market Characteristics and Entry Strategies<\/a><\/h3>\n
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Figure 1: Growth in GDP (1)
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A<\/span>ustralia\u2018s mining industry has reached the end of its super-boom period.<\/strong> Price collapses in the resource sector, caused by an oversupply on the world market and a decline in demand from China, have put an end to a capital-intensive investment phase that lasted more than ten years. The industry has now entered a phase of short-term targets where the main focus is on plant and process optimisation, cost cutting, productivity improvements and greater cost and energy efficiency. With the mining industry seeing an increasing number of insolvencies affecting both operators and suppliers, the decision to enter the Australian mining supply market should now be given serious consideration. Because of country- and market-specific circumstances it is essential that any market entry strategy is adjusted and aligned to the product or type of services involved. With lead-times to the contract award phase typically amounting to several years in this sector, such ventures require flexibility, good planning and a realistic investment horizon that is funded over several years.<\/a> Author: Dr. Bernd L\u00e4nger, Kompetenzzentrum f\u00fcr Bergbau & Rohstoffe der Deutsch-Australischen Industrie- und Handelskammer (AHK), Sydney\/Australien<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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Value Stream Analysis of the Production Flow in the Zinkgruvan Mine<\/a><\/h3>\n

T<\/span>he Zinkgruvan Mine is Sweden\u2019s southernmost mine located approximately 200 km south-west of Stockholm at the northern end of lake V\u00e4ttern.<\/strong> The primary metal is zinc, secondary metals are lead, copper and silver. The Zinkgruvan Mining AB plans a 20\u2009% increase of processed ore until 2022. This article examines the production processes and performs a value stream analysis of the production flow. The focus deals with implementing an Overall Equipment Effectiveness measurement and the simulation of the haulage capacity. The article is a conclusion of the author\u00b4s graduation paper at the Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen. For his excellent examination he got the Helmuth-Burckhardt-Award by Vereinigung Rohstoffe und Bergbau (VRB), Berlin, in September 2014.<\/a> Author: Daniel Sch\u00e4fer M. Sc., Institute of Mining Engineering I (BBK I), Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen\/Germany<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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Deep-sea Mining \u2013 a Future Source of Raw Materials?<\/a><\/h3>\n
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Fig. 5. Two self-propelled collectors are winning manganese nodules from the seabed. The crushed nodules are pumped via flexible pipes to a temporary storage they both share (top right), from where the ore-water composite is pumped via tubing to the productionship.
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T<\/span>he rising global demand for metals is starting to focus greater attention on the extraction of marine mineral resources (MMR) from deep sea.<\/strong> The term MMR essentially covers three different types of formation: manganese nodules, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and massive sulphide deposits. All three of these natural resources provide the potential basis for a whole range of different metals. Germany has developed an interest for the exploration of marine deposits. This paper outlines the types of deep-sea deposits available and their resource potential. It also describes the legal and commercial parameters involved and presents the challenges that will arise during the mining and extraction phase and the possible environmental impact of such operations.<\/a> Authors: Dr. Michael Wiedicke, Arbeitsbereichsleiter Meeresgeologie\/Tiefseebergbau, Dr. Thomas Kuhn, marine Lagerst\u00e4ttenmodellierung, Dr. Carsten R\u00fchlemann, Leiter Exploration von Manganknollen, Dr. Annemiek Vink, umweltbezogene Untersuchungen, Dr. Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera, Leiter Exploration mariner Sulfide, Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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Germany\u2019s Lignite Industry in 2014<\/a><\/h3>\n

F<\/span>rom 2013 to 2014, Germany\u2019s domestic lignite output dropped 2.6\u2009% from 183.0\u2009Mt to 178.2\u2009Mt.<\/strong> The 2014 figure is equivalent to a net calorific value of 55.2\u2009Mtce. Of the total output, 159.1\u2009Mt, or some 89\u2009%, was used in utility power plants for the public supply, i.e. 3.0\u2009% less than in the previous year. In addition, 15.0\u2009Mt was input in the factories of the lignite-mining industry to make solid products, while 2.1\u2009 Mt was used to generate electricity in mine-mouth power plants. Other sales of raw lignite and changes in stocks accounted for 2.0 Mt. Lignite made a 25.4\u2009% contribution towards Germany\u2019s total power generation in 2014.<\/a> Authors: Dipl.-Volkswirt Uwe Maa\u00dfen, Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft e.V., K\u00f6ln, Dr. Hans-Wilhelm Schiffer, Executive Chair World Energy Resources, World Energy Council, London<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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Legal Survival Strategies in Anglo-Saxon Countries Exemplified by Mining Projects in Australia<\/a><\/h3>\n

A<\/span>ustralia is one of the biggest mining countries in the world.<\/strong> In spite of the current recession, the mining industry has continuously grown throughout the past decades. This predictable continuing development in the upcoming decades can undoubtedly be traced back to Australia\u2019s vast and often unexploited landmasses. The country possesses about 10\u2009% of the world\u2019s known coal deposits. It further harbors great amounts of iron ore, bauxite and copper. Australia plays an important role in the global supply of raw materials. Many German companies are toying with the idea of entering Australia\u2019s large and attractive market that is characterised by gigantic and continuously growing reserves and compels due to the possibility of outstanding revenues. Yet, how is it possible to minimize the risk and the expenditure for expansive contracts, exorbitant procedures and elaborate rules governing compliance? This article will provide answers to these questions. It is mainly based on a lecture held by the author at the Australian embassy in Berlin on the 25th of March 2015 entitled \u201cThe Future of Mining in Australia. Technology. Innovation. Sustainability. Finance.\u201d<\/a> Author: Dr. Dr. h. c. Wolfgang Babeck, Partner der Rechtsanwaltskanzlei Buse Heberer Fromm, Sydney\/Berlin, und adjunct Professor an der Law Faculty der Bond University, Robina\/Australien<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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Making an Exploration Investment Case<\/a><\/h3>\n

E<\/span>xploration expenditure is closely linked to commodity prices<\/strong> and in the current low commodity price environment pressure on exploration budgets and reduction in spending has been dramatic. This calls for making robust business cases for exploration spending to demonstrate value-added to senior management. This contribution examines exploration and related resource definition in the context of the mine production value chain which is conceptualized by means of Theory of Contraints. This framework allows to link uncertainty around the deposit being mined with production costs and hence deriving a value to improved resource definition. A demonstration study in a bulk commodity shows the application of the framework with impressive cost savings and return on capital achievable, supporting a business case for considerable resource definition spending. The Value of Information concept is introduced to help establishing upper bounds for expenditure on a project. <\/a> Author: Dipl.-Geol. Volker Osterholt (MPhil. Geostatistik), Principal Consultant, Osterholt Consulting, Darmstadt, Germany<\/a> Learn more<\/a> \n\t\t

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North Rhine-Westphalia is mining country<\/strong><\/p>\n

The withdrawal from coal mining and the phasing out of nuclear energy is a watershed for mining and energy production in North Rhine-Westphalia and in Germany as a whole \u2013 yet this double withdrawal does not spell the end for the energy sector or for the innovative capacity of this region. Though the exit from nuclear energy will certainly cause problems in some areas, the restructuring process taking place as part of the energy transition will create real opportunities for Germany\u2019s number-one \u2018energy state\u2019. Global demand for energy, and more particularly for intelligent and efficient energy production technologies, continues to grow. And it is mining that provides the basis for the energy industry and the expansion and redevelopment of the infrastructure that goes with it.<\/p>\n

Nuclear energy has been used for generating electricity for more than 60 years, and yet the question of how to dispose of its highly radioactive waste remains largely unresolved. In Germany the former Konrad iron ore mine at Salzgitter in Lower Saxony is currently being converted for use as a final repository for low to medium-level radioactive material.The Morsleben radioactive-waste storage facility (ERAM), which was established in an old salt mine, dates back to the GDR days and is now to be closed down and permanently sealed, while the Asse research mine was also developed at a former salt mining site. Investigations are currently under way at the Asse II shaft site to plan a retrieval system for the radioactive waste that was deposited there for research purposes. No decision has yet been taken on the future of the Gorleben facility. Nevertheless, here too mining engineering is at the forefront of the project.<\/p>\n

In the light of this new task to identify, explore and prepare a suitable location for the permanent disposal of highly radioactive material, and one that can accommodate all types of host rock, Germany now finds that it has a fresh challenge on its hands \u2013 and this is where service companies and mining suppliers all over North Rhine-Westphalia could well have an important contribution to make. The techniques required for such projects have been developed and tested over hundreds of years and under all kinds of conditions and this expertise has now been pooled by the Mining Network that is part of the EnergieAgentur.NRW centre of excellence. Germany has an advantage over many other European countries when it comes to planning and building permanent disposal sites for highly radioactive waste in that it can draw on a significant body of experience that has been acquired and exploited over many years by an active mining industry.<\/p>\n

The innovative potential and commitment of companies in North Rhine-Westphalia is clearly reflected in the efforts that have been made to expand the know-how needed to meet the broad-ranging radiation protection requirements that apply to the design and operation of nuclear waste repositories.<\/p>\n

We are especially grateful to DMT GmbH & Co. KG for providing the guest editorial for this edition of Gl\u00fcckauf. And we hope that this latest publication will have plenty of information to interest our readers and perhaps some stimulating new business ideas too.<\/p>\n

Dr. Eckehard B\u00fcscher
\nEnergieAgentur NRW
\nHead of Mining and Energy Networks
\nLeiter Netzwerke Bergbau- und Energiewirtschaft
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The withdrawal from coal mining and the phasing out of nuclear energy is a watershed for mining and energy production in North Rhine-Westphalia and in Germany as a whole \u2013 yet this double withdrawal does not spell the end for the energy sector or for the innovative capacity of this region. Though the exit from nuclear energy will certainly cause problems in some areas, the restructuring process taking place as part of the energy transition will create real opportunities for Germany\u2019s number-one \u2018energy state\u2019. Global demand for energy, and more particularly for intelligent and efficient energy production technologies, continues to grow. And it is mining that provides the basis for the energy industry and the expansion and redevelopment of the infrastructure that goes with it.<\/p>\n

Mit freundlichem Gl\u00fcckauf,<\/p>\n

Dr. Eckehard B\u00fcscher, EnergieAgentur NRW
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The ENTRIA Project: Selected Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Research Topics<\/a><\/h3>\n

ENTRIA<\/strong> (\u201cDisposal Options for Radioactive Residues: Interdisciplinary Analyses and Development of Evaluation Principles\u201d, \u00adwww.entria.de) is a joint research project carried out by twelve departments and institutes from German universities and major research institutions and one partner from Switzerland. It is financed by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Scientists representing natural sciences, civil engineering, philosophy, law, social and political sciences, and technology assessment carry out disciplinary and interdisciplinary research addressing three options to manage especially high-level radioactive waste:<\/a><\/p>\n